Can We Consider Walmart A Fair Competitors Online Success

CAN WE CONSIDER WALMART A FAIR COMPETITOR TO AMAZON’S ONLINE SUCCESS? Amazon’s victory is significant, keeping in mind that the company grew by 41% in the last fiscal year by $48.1 billion, that is, five times faster than Walmart, that grew only by a mere 8% (Fig 2). Indeed, Amazon’s world-wide popularity and recognition will be difficult to beat, with demographics of 237 million active customers worldwide, making it one of the most valuable brands in the world. Not only has Amazon seized the world with its e-commerce strategy, but it is also willing to forego profits to gain market share, making it difficult for Walmart to find a space in the online retailing spotlight. Not being hamstrung by an enormous brick-and-mortar business like†¦show more content†¦The reaction by Wal-Mart by the threat of Amazon was judged feeble. Wal-Mart failed to capture in 2007 the changing consumer environment and dynamism of the retail market and its chances of becoming a solid rival to Amazon were meager. Indeed, Walmart could not compete with Amazon’s successful business model, attracting the lower end of the income spectrum, not selling luxury goods for instance contrarily to Amazon. Walmart was and remains disadvantaged because of their higher real estate, labor and inventory costs; they do not enjoy economies of scale like Amazon. Nonetheless, today Walmart is fighting a fair battle against its largest competitor, seizing some of its glory and slowly escalating towards the top. Indeed, Walmart has the reputation of being the world’s largest retailer, third biggest public company and largest private employer. This has allowed it to become a worldwide negotiator, selling products at minimal prices, attracting middle-class customers looking for cheaper goods. As a result, Walmart’s competitive advantage over Amazon is having an abundant number of offline retail stores unlike Amazon. This allows customers to see and touch produ cts before deciding whether to buy online, or offline. Moreover, Walmart has seized a new market of customers: those unwilling to give out card information online. Through a service called â€Å"Pay by Cash†, Walmart has attracted, not only people without bank accounts or credit

Mgt Module 5 Free Essays

Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 1 Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications Learning objectives On successful completion of this module, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define motivation and identify three key elements of motivations Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current use value Apply the predictions of self-determination theory to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and management by objectives Contrast reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory Demonstrate how organisational justice is a refinement of equity theory Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees Compare contemporary theories of motivations Show how motivation theories are culture bound Learning resources Text Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B Boyle, M 2011, Organisational behaviour, Chapter 7. Introduction to Module 5 Welcome to Module 5 of MGT1000. I give this module about a 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Module 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 rating – the theory is heavier going. There are about 22 pages from the text. Also this module is about 7 pages long. There are no must do tasks but there is still an application exercise that can take up as much time as you want to invest in it. The application is a mini essay writing exercise. The mind map that follows illustrates where we are up to in the individual level of the course so far. In this module we will be discussing theories of motivation and their workplace applications. Motivation is a critical issue within workplaces today. It is not sufficient that employees simply turn up at work. Employers want highly productive and motivated employees. You already know that workplace productivity can be enhanced by ensuring a sound fit between employee personality and job requirements, between employer and employee values and  © University of Southern Queensland 2 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour between employee preferences and the culture and structure of the organisation. You will also realise from previous modules that in creating a motivating workplace it is employee perception of the workplace, rather than the reality of the workplace, that will influence employee performance. In this module you will learn ways that managers can make the workplace more motivating for employees. The most basic premise of this module is that motivation is not a trait like personality, but rather something that managers can encourage or discourage. Module 3 Attitudes and job satisfaction Module 4 Personality and values Module 5 Motivation Absenteeism †¢Job satisfaction †¢Turnover †¢Productivity †¢Organisational citizenship †¢Deviant workplace behaviour This first exercise will give you a chance to clarify your own (everyday) everyday experience of motivation. Learning activity 5. 1 Think of one thing you have been putting off doing. Perhaps you have a friend you have been meaning to contact; perhaps you have some task around the house you have not completed yet. Perhaps you have not been able to maintain your exercise program. Or perhaps you have had difficulty getting all your study completed. Think about these 2 questions 1. Why are you putting yourself under pressure to do this thing? 2. Why haven’t you done this thing yet?  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 3 Learning activity 6. 1 de-brief I expect we all have things we have not done that we feel we should have done. So I assume no one had difficulty thinking of something they had put off. The following two definitions of motivation show considerable consistency and can be helpful in understanding your inability to do the task you nominated. We define motivation as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal’ (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle 2011, p. 176) ‘Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. ’(Gordon, 1999 p. 534) Both definiti ons seem to regard persistence as essential to motivation. Perhaps you may have lacked the persistence or continuing effort required to complete the task? In addition the definitions refer to enthusiasm or intensity – both of which can be regarded as a measure of ‘how hard’ you were prepared to work (Robbins et al. 2011 p. 176). Perhaps this is where you had your difficulty? Finally, both definitions state there needs to be some kind of purpose – variously described as direction, a goal or a course of action – that is essential to motivation. It would appear because you could articulate what you were supposed to do then at least you did have a goal, even if it is yet to be achieved. The question remains ‘Why haven’t we done this thing if we still feel we need to do it? Perhaps one of the reasons you gave for not completing this task was that it simply was too hard. Indeed the text says no matter how motivated someone is, if they truly lack the ability to do a task then it is impossible for them to do it. So if you truly lack the ability required to do the task then perhaps you should stop trying to do this task. Similarly if one of the reasons you gave for not doing this task was a lack of time, again this may be a legitimate reason for not doing the task. Robbins et al. (2011, p. 176) view motivation as a series of processes. That is, if a person lacks opportunity (for example the required time to complete a task), it does not matter how motivated or how gifted they are they simply will not be able to do the task. But perhaps your task was within your ability arrange and you had the opportunity to do it. The question remains, ‘Why didn’t you do it? ’ The definitions listed above may provide some answers. While Robbins et al. (2011) make no comment on the origins of motivation, Gordon (1999 p. 534) however, refers to motivation as ‘forces either within or external to a person’. These internal and external forces are very important in understanding Herzberg’s theory and its later developments. These two factors (internal and external factors) are the two factors that give Herzberg’s two factor theory its name. Herzberg refers to these 1) external and 2) internal factors as 1) extrinsic or hygiene factors and 2) intrinsic factors or motivators respectively. These two factors are like the oil and petrol in your car. They are quite separate, but you need both to be at the right level for the car to work well. In a car you have a petrol gauge that indicates if your tank is full or empty. It indicates if you have petrol or no petrol. So Herzberg refers to his 2 factors in the same terms. For example if you have no motivators (like no petrol) this is referred to as a state of ‘no satisfaction’. If you have motivators (like a full tank of petrol) you have ‘satisfaction’. Interestingly, Herzberg does not regard satisfaction as the opposite of dissatisfaction. So let  © University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour e confirm, a lack of satisfaction is referred to by Herzberg as being a state of ‘no satisfaction’ not a state of dissatisfaction. The jargon in this theory is a little confusing at first, but Herzberg is making an important point. When you understand that point the jargon is easy to understand. Again consider the reasons you gave for not acting and the reasons you gave for continuing to put pressure on yourself . According to Herzberg’s two factor theory (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178–80) only intrinsic factors are truly motivating. Intrinsic factors amount to way the task makes you feel. For example, if you stated the job is too boring or not very enjoyable that is an example of a task that is simply not motivating. That is why you lacked motivation and ultimately did not complete the task – it was simply not an intrinsically rewarding task. According to Herzberg extrinsic or hygiene factors will never truly motivate you to complete a task (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178–80). So even if for example, one of the reasons you gave to complete the task was that you would be paid to complete it, then although you may have found the payment acceptable, it could not actually motivate you to do the task. The pay could only ever be experienced by you as good pay or bad pay for the job involved. In either event the pay itself would not motivate you to do the job – only the job’s intrinsic qualities and opportunities can truly motivate. There are many critics of Herzberg’s theory and his original research methods (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178)and also the other earlier theories of motivation. For example refer to Robbins et al. (2011, p. 177) for a critique of Maslow’s theory. The text provides an overview of contemporary theories of motivation that have a reasonable degree of research validity. These theories address employee motivation and include the Self-determination theory, Goal-setting theory, Self-efficacy theory, Reinforcement theory, Equity theory and Expectancy theory. These theories provide guidelines for managers about how to enhance workplace motivation in their employees. Self-efficacy theory, for instance, argues that ‘an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 186) influences their performance. According to this theory, employees with low selfefficacy (self belief) will exert less effort when they receive negative feedback whereas employees with high self-efficacy will increase their effort (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 187-80). Managers who focus on increasing self-efficacy in employees by setting difficult goals for them and encouraging them to perform better, can expect increased employee performance. You can see that the goal-setting theory is also applicable here – setting specific and difficult goals and providing feedback can lead to higher performance (Robbins et al. 011, p. 184). You will also read this week about ‘Equity’ theory which takes quite a different view of what motivates or ‘de-motivates’ us. Equity theory’s basic tenant is that the perception of equitable reward (such as salary) is quite essential to motivation. Most simply stated if you as an employee feel you are relatively poorly treated – for example, poorly paid as compared with others – then your motivation will suffer. In your reading you will be exposed to the mechanism of the ‘comparable worth’ as a way to create rewards systems for jobs that create equity in the workplace. Finally, you will read about expectancy theory this week which takes another quite different view of motivation. Expectancy theory is all about the expectancies or in lay terms ‘expectations’ employees have about their work and its rewards. If an employee 1) does not expect (or believe) they have the ability to complete the job to the required standard and or 2) does not expect (or believe) that the organisation will recognise their work when it is completed to the required standard and or 2) does not expect (or believe) the reward the organisation offers is worthwhile, then the employee’s motivation will suffer. You will read  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 5 how expectancy theory can be applied to the workplace through the use of flexible benefits that allow employees to work towards rewards they truly value. Learning objectives from the text ? ? Define motivation and identify three key elements of motivations – Read ‘Defining motivation’ page 176. Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current use value – Read ‘Early theories of motivation’ page 176 – 181, up to the end of ‘McClelland’s theory of needs’, page 181. Apply the predictions of self-determination theory to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards– Read ‘Contemporary theories of motivation’ page 181 – 3. Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and management by objectives – Read page 184 – 188, up to the end of ‘Self-efficacy theory’ on page 188. Contrast reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory – Read ‘Reinforcement theory’ page 188 – 9. Demonstrate how organisational justice is a refinement of equity theory – Read ‘Equity theory/organisational justice’ page 189 – 92. Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees – Read ‘Expectancy theory’ page 193 – 4 and ‘Flexible benefits; Developing a benefits package’ page 222. Compare contemporary theories of motivations – Read ‘Integrating contemporary theories of motivation’ page 194 – 5. Show how motivation theories are culture bound – Read ‘Global Implications’ page 196. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? We also suggest that you read Summary and Implications for Managers’ that provides you with a good summary of the theories covered in the readings. Application exercise This week’s application exercise is one I have used previously with students. You are asked to write a 5 paragraph essay titled ‘The day I hated my job more than I thought humanly possible’ or an essay titled ‘The day I loved my job more than I thought humanly possible’. In either case use Herzberg’s theory to explain why you hated or loved your job so much on that day. This is a quick exercise to get you thinking about 1) how to structure an essay and 2) how to apply theory to a case study. I have attached an example of an essay submitted by a previous student to help you. What follows are the quick tips on how to write a good OBM essay that were covered in module 2.  © University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour A good OBM essay has four main parts. ? ? You will always need a one paragraph introduction that states the overall theme of your essay and outlines the content of the essay. This will be the first paragraph of the essay. This will be followed by a series of paragraphs that present the real contents of your essay. This is sometimes referred to as the body of the essay. In this case this will only be 3 paragraphs. (You can have more if you really need them, but this is meant to be a short and sweet exercise to get the brain cells going – not a marathon). These will include the facts of your best or worst day at work and your references to Herzberg’s theory that explain the experience. Visit this webpage at the USQ Library and follow the clicks for information on how to cite sources in essays using the Harvard Referencing system . This will be followed by a one paragraph conclusion that restates the main theme of your paper, summarises the main points raised in the body of your paper and ends with a strong ‘concluding’ sentence This will be followed by a ‘List of references’. This is a list of the full bibliographical details or any source (for example text book or journal article) that you cite in the essay. I expect in this essay you would only list the text as a source. ? ? A good OBM essay also includes theory that has been applied to the case study. I suggest you use the three sentence formula listed below to apply theory to a case study. In each paragraph include: 1. One or two sentences containing a bite size piece of theory 2. Followed by one or two sentences containing a bite size piece of case study 3. Followed by a linking sentence – that explains how exactly the theory is linked to the case study. An example 1. Bite size piece of theory According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 179) 2. Bite size piece of case study I certainly ound my job at that time challenging in a positive way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new range of client services. 3. Linking sentence. My involvement in the client services project gave me an excellent opportunity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was therefore highly consistent with Herzberg’s notion of a job with job satisfaction. The same material presented as a paragraph. According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 011, p. 179. ) I certainly found my job at that time challenging in a positive way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new range of client services. My involvement in the  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 7 client services project gave me an excellent opportunity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was therefore highly consistent with Herzberg’s notion of a job with job satisfaction. You may have to go through a few more drafts of the paragraph to get it saying exactly what you want it to, but that is the basic process. Finally, you may be wondering how to relate bits of theory to bits of case study. You might find a pen and paper tool like this one below useful. In the left hand column you will see the motivators and hygiene factors listed. (This is the theory you are expected to use in this essay). In the right column there is room for you to list the elements of your story that relate to these factors. You do not need to have an entry next to each piece of theory. The idea is that you would look at the completed grid and then decide what the pattern is. Did your job have lots of problems with the motivators? Were there additional problems with the hygiene factors? What was the overall pattern is the case study? This then becomes the theme of your essay. Motivators Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Case study elements Hygiene factors Company policy and administration Supervision Relationship with supervisor Work conditions Relationship with peers Personal life Relationship with subordinates Status Security Salary Case study elements  © University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour Summary This module has focussed on motivation as a process that managers need to understand in order to try to create motivating jobs and reward systems in the workplace. You have covered both earlier theories of motivation and contemporary theories. You have also had an opportunity to put pen to paper and attempt an essay in this course. Presentation 5. 1 Ch7_motivation Reference list Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour: a diagnostic approach, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, NJ. Mann, S 2004, ‘People-work: emotion management, stress and coping’, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 205–21, viewed 12 December, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item: AN13121438. McShane, S Von Glinow, M 2005, Organizational behaviour, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B Boyle, M 2011, Organisational behaviour, 6th edn, Pearson Education, French’s Forest. Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour: a diagnostic approach, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.  © University of Southern Queensland How to cite Mgt Module 5, Essay examples

Our American society values hard work and assumes Essay Example For Students

Our American society values hard work and assumes Essay gu lower and middle class workers can retire with confidence. Our Western culture respects the maturity of elders and wishes to provide for them. Our capitalistic economic principles strive to maximize competition and efficiency. Our democratic political system guides politicians to please constituents while making the best policy decisions for the entire country. A true American crisis is one that plunges these ideals into conflict. Because this issue threatens economic standards, societal mores, and political objectives, I feel that Social Security reform is the most important domestic issue facing my generation. Economically, Social Security is a flawed concept. Many people dont quite understand that little column on their pay stub for FICA tax. Nearly all of my peers assume that Social Security is like a savings account money they give now is set aside for them when they retire. Unfortunately, the truth is that taxes from TODAYS young workers cover benefits for TODAYS retirees. The money for the federal Social Security system goes out as quickly as it comes in. This wont work forever. Life expectancy is increasing, while birth rates are declining. As recently as 1950,there were 16 workers for every Social Security beneficiary. Today there are only 3.3. By 2025,there will be fewer than two. The Social Security pyramid is unsustainable. In recent years, personal fiscal responsibility has become increasingly popular. In fact, I first became interested in this issue when attending a forum about investing. The event was hosted by Senator Bob Kerrey and billionaire Warren Buffett to encourage youth to plan for their financial futures. I had never been interested in the economic realm before, but this exposure heightened my interest. I recognized that I needed to start planning for my future and have concern for those who have not planned for their own futures. The notion of Social Security reform was introduced and I began to read extensively about the topic. I realized that many individuals in our society don t understand the purpose of the stock market or the workings of our economy, but simply assume comfortable retirement is a fact of life. Social values conflict with a lack of economic knowledge. Living in a country still heavily influenced by the New Deal programs, many Americans also assume government should play a role in providing for that stable future. This is not a certainty though, simply a modern paradigm. Politically, Social Security has traditionally been a third-rail issue. An unspoken Washington rule seems to be that Social Security is a taboo topic that ought to be left alone. Recently, this has began to soften. Last spring I watched CNN intently as Senator Kerrey and President Clinton co-hosted a town forum in Kansas City regarding Social Security reform. My passion for change was growing. When I was chosen to represent Nebraska at Girls Nation in Washington, D.C. I instantly knew what topic to focus my legislation on. I read conflicting views from the CATO Institute, the Social Security administration, and the AARP. Finally, I accessed the Senate website where I found the Social Security reform plan proposed by Senators Bob Kerrey (D-NE) and Patrick Moynihan (D-NY). I waded through the pages of legal and legislative jargon until I found issues that caught my eye. I condensed and revised parts of the plan into a bill that I presented at Girls Nation. It was placed sixth on the senate docket and, after thoughtful debate, passed to final reading. On the last day of Girls Nation I watched in amazement as my bill on Social Security reform was presented in a packet to President Clinton. Although the challenges of this problem are daunting, I feel that my generation can solve this crisis. Numerous economic solutions to the problem are feasible including raising the retirement age, increasing taxes, lowering benefits, privatizing investments or eliminating the taxable ceiling on income. Most likely, the best solution will be a combination of these suggestions reached with hard work, dedication, and .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .postImageUrl , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:hover , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:visited , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:active { border:0!important; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:active , .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816 .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03219547e545d95b9e38a17f14b79816:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Point of View in The Age of Innocence EssayBibliography: .

Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review Essay Example

Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review Paper Essay on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan I come. Had seen. And he bought. Of course, I did not, Gaius Julius Caesar, but can also be laid description is made in the minimum number of words. If a little more, then went to the store, I found examples. Surprisingly approached accurately and color and size, so bought without hesitation, although I like that I was not attracted, and even vice versa frightened. Although such known brand and I heard a lot about it for a long time. However, interest in the novels of British author Sophie Kinsella Confessions of a Shopaholic on awoke only after I watched the same film with Isla Fisher in the lead role. Yes, I know that many, reading a book, not like the movie, but I laugh heartily. Charming Rebecca Bloomwood, which merges all the time in history because of their passion for shopping, I was very pretty. In general, coming and theater, I decided to continue to follow the fate of the girl. Alarming one: the genre. Frankly, I do not like love stories and I do not read. But a funny and heartfelt book Sophie Kinsella turned out to be an exception. The first, The Secret World Shopaholic I really did not read, because the thought of the film will suffice. Beginning immediately with the second Shopaholic Takes Manhattan » We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So, Rebecca Bloomwood again vlipla in history due to the immense love shopping.. Who would doubt that? ! Mania is not so easy to win The poor girl almost lost all that she had: her lover, work, and even respect. Many in her place would have fallen into despair and even, perhaps, would have tried to take their own lives. But not Rebecca Bloomwood. Optimism this girl can envy But it is not necessary, because, having read this book, and himself of optimism, so spoil yourself rotten blood that feeling just will not need to. the novel is written of fun, humor and just breathes optimism in short, it has everything that I appreciate in books. Of course, this is not serious literature, and Stay, but it is so uplifting! And most importantly, many women may find themselves in Rebecca. After shopping in E window-shop terribly interesting, and to buy generally high. For example, the clothes, well, or something else. The point preference. But in any case, as well please yourself some shopping! Especially, if the mood is poor In general, describing Shopaholic, Sophie Kinsella hit the bulls-eye. All very accurately and with humor. I was just in size. Be sure to read the rest of the books in this series, but for now declare a break But first I want to add one thing: if you feel sad, read about the adventures of Becky Bloomwood. Smile and sure problems will forget, at least for a while. And then, when you remember again, they seem no longer so intractable, because laughter the best medicine A small biographical spravochka Sophie Kinsella a pseudonym of British writer Madeleine Wickham (Yeah Thats the answer! why the same author publishes books under two different names!). the writer was born in London in 1970. She studied music at Oxford, New College, but after a year switched to political science, philosophy and economics and became two years the best on the course. Sophia Kinsella worked as a teacher and financial journalist. Then, together with her husband, a former opera singer, she has participated as an accompanist in the concert tours of the Middle East and Africa. At 24, while still working in journalism, she wrote her first novel, Tennis Party, published under her real name. Later publishing Black Swan has published six of her novels. This same writer sent the publisher a new novel it was The Secret World of a Shopaholic, was released in 2000 under the name Sophia Kinsella. It was followed by others in this series Confessions of a Shopaholic Abroad (2001) and Shopaholic Takes Manhattan (2002), Confessions of a Shopaholic and the marriage bond (2002), Confessions of a Shopaholic (2003), Confessions of a Shopaholic and Sister ( 2004), which became bestsellers. The fact that the author of these novels it is well known, publishing learned only when Kinsella-Wickham brought them the novel And you know how to keep a secret?, Which was released in 2004. How did the Becky Bloomwood Sophie Kinsella: I used to spend the money and felt an attack of amnesia every month when they learned payable by VISA card. This prompted me to create a character. I said, What is this? What am I looking at? I do not remember that I came to the store and bought this thing. This is the most complete denial that affects every one of us. I said to her husband: I never even came into the shop, what they talk about? And he replied: Do you remember when you bought that thing over there?. And then I get a bad feeling. Heres where to start, Becky this crazy girl who loves shopping. I saw the comedy potential. In many ways, inspiring ideas, I drew out his ideas about shopping, about what kind of intrigue and excitement, he is accompanied by Taken from the site -. Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review Essay Example Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review Paper Essay on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan To begin with, that the reading of this work is not in the best period of my life. And once again convinced of the correctness of the sayings Vishnevsky, a book that can be a bandage and plaster. So it was fun to dip along with Becky in the mysterious and magical world of New York City. would never have thought that such a seemingly easy reading as Shopaholic Takes Manhattan will be able to teach me anything. But it turns out, you never know what a book can be useful for you. This work has reopened to me simple and banal truth, which, unfortunately, we sometimes forget: to never give up, in any situation you can always go out with dignity, important not to give up Of course, Sophie. Kinsella pleased with its delicate, graceful sense of humor. I think if I myself suffered shopomaniey, read a book it would be even more interesting and fun Frankly, I was a little taken the example of the main character:. Why not buy a couple of new things to set the mood? The main thing is that it does not become a disease, like Becky. Frankly, I was even sorry for her. But it is well done, with everything handled. Throughout this book, I truly felt for her. And it is certainly merit a talented author. Be sure to read the rest of the Shopaholic » We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shopaholic Takes Manhattan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «Confessions of a Shopaholic on Mehettene In the future -. a book that is read in one breath and is designed for a wide range of readers. I think it has to please everyone. Especially to representatives of weaker sex. While reading this book, you realize that the so-called weak sex is not weak. Chur, sales in supermarkets in the calculation did not take. This wonderful book gives a bright, positive emotions. The only negative that reading it in public transport I almost drove my stop However, to me this is not the first time. In general, if you feel sad and lonely on a cold winter evening, the Confessions of a Shopaholic on Manhetenne - the best remedy for improving your mood !

buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay

buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay As it is known, to increase its power and strengthen the control, every gang endeavors to recruit new members. Unfortunately, the most probable candidates are the students of the middle and high schools since they possess required physical characteristics. Besides, the minds of teenagers are especially vulnerable and can be easily manipulated. Therefore, pretty often the youth becomes a target of gangs leaders. It goes without saying that the purpose of police officers is to eliminate and control the plausible expansion of mobsters in their areas. To elaborate an effective individual plan of actions, first of all, a police officer is supposed to define and study the reasons why an adolescent may become interested in joining a gang. It is crucial because apprehension of these factors helps to distinguish the most efficient ways to decrease the criminals negative impact on young individuals. There are certain consistent patterns according to which the recruitment of new gang members happens. For example, children may not get enough attention at home and/or at school and search for the ways to replace the missing relationship. Unfortunately, the desired interaction may be found in a gang since it creates the sense of friendship and family (Friedrichs, 1999). The teenagers may mistakenly consider such treatment as an advantage to get emotional closeness that implies understanding and acceptance, which they lack at home or school. Besides, joining a gang often becomes a means to avoid unpleasant daily experience at home and educational establishment. To be more specific, the acknowledgement that one is a part of something more powerful is a defensive mechanism of persons mind. It helps to increase self-esteem and become more confident instead of feeling distress and dissatisfaction in class or during family time (Friedrichs, 1999). Moreover, associating with criminals may b e considered as a manifestation of the survival instinct. In particular, the idea to join a group of powerful people and be protected by them reduces the fear of being abused by adults or peers. In addition, the youth engages in illegal interaction in ordr to obtain respect and financial prosperity (Friedrichs, 1999). Furthermore, young individuals whose relatives are connected with neighborhood gang (s) may be compelled by their families (or just feeling obliged) to enter the criminal world in order to continue family tradition. In addition, some students feel bored, they do not have strictly determined life goals and thus, are poorly motivated to maintain legal and ethical social interaction. Besides, certain teenagers have not developed the skills to constructively express feelings of anger and rage (Friedrichs, 1999). It means that they tend to seek for alternative ways to reveal their internal emotional conditions. Taking into account the causes of entering the gangs and the patterns of this process, it is possible to elaborate an individual plan of actions for a police officer who aims to lessen the crime statistics. The measures to avert successful recruitment of new gang members presume working with children as well as with their parents and teachers. First and foremost, it is necessary to define the reasons which force adolescents to join criminals that are relevant in a particular area. In other words, it is important to find out what approach the bandits utilize for recruitment. Having learned the criminals mechanisms of influence, it is recommended to define vulnerable students who, potentially, can easily succumb to negative influence. This group of individuals requires precise attention of the police officer, who is supposed to work with the students and their role models. Knowing the plausible reasons of joining a gang, a police officer may address this problem to community in the mos t effective ways. There can be implemented explanatory conversations with school staff, parents and students regarding possible measures to avoid the illegal path. For instance, if a person has low self-esteem, it is relevant to consult school psychologist in order to improve self-evaluation. Besides, if a teenager experiences domestic violence or is abused by teachers or peers, s/he should be provided with a healthy and safe environment. It presumes that the guilty people should be punished and/or a child should be taken from hazardous life conditions. To succeed with these tasks, a police officer is supposed to establish trustworthy relations with vulnerable adolescents by conducting relevant conversations and, if necessary, assigning them to experts, such as physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists and others. What is more, it is required to encourage the adults to find proper ways to communicate with teenagers developing trust and emotional connections in which the youth feels c omfortable and safe. The increase in the number of gang members is similar to an epidemic and, thus, should be treated accordingly. In particular, the vulnerable persons should be strengthened and the infected ones should be cured, isolated from the community or, at the very least, their negative impact should be lessened by developing societal immunity. The effectiveness of police officers actions can be measured by the number of vulnerable teenagers that s/he managed to save from entering the illegal path by joining a neighborhood gang. For instance, the more graduates are not related to gangs, the bigger is officers success in individual attempts to eliminate the mobsters. Summing up the above-mentioned, one may deduce that reducing the number of gang members requires considerable efforts from both sides: police department and individual initiative of a police officer. What is more, it is a long process with remote and hardly predictable outcomes. The process of the control of gangs expansion presumes the identification of criminals methods of recruitment (what helps them to attract new members) and most probable reasons why the students may agree to join a group of bandits. Thereafter, it is important to distinguish young people who are more likely to fall under the gangs influence. Comprehending this information, an officer must involve qualified experts, who are supposed to help young people to reduce their susceptibility to criminals impact. Finally, a police officer must monitor the effectiveness of his/her work in order to be sure that the implemented approaches are relevant and bring good results. Buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay

Sublimation Definition (Phase Transition in Chemistry)

Sublimation Definition (Phase Transition in Chemistry) Sublimation Definition Sublimation is the transition from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. This endothermic phase transition occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple point. The term only applies to physical changes of state and not to the transformation of a solid into a gas during a chemical reaction. For example, when candle wax undergoes combustion, the paraffin is vaporized and reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This is not sublimation. The opposite process of sublimation, where a gas undergoes a phase change into solid form, is called deposition or desublimation. Sublimation Examples Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. At room temperature and pressure, it sublimates into carbon dioxide vapor.Freezer burn results from sublimation of ice into water vapor.At the right temperature, the elements iodine and arsenic will sublimate from solid into gaseous form.Naphthalene, a chemical commonly used in mothballs, readily sublimates at room temperature and pressure.Water ice will sublimate, although more slowly than dry ice. The effect may be seen sometimes over snowfields when the sun is out, yet the temperature is cold. Practical Applications of Sublimation Sublimation and erosion cause ablation, a process which wears down glaciers.Sublimation of iodine may be used to reveal latent fingerprints on paper.Sublimation is used to purify compounds. It is especially useful for organic compounds.Because dry ice sublimates so readily, the compound is used to produce fog effects.

Managing risk in construction project in developing countriess Ghana Essay

Managing risk in construction project in developing countriess Ghana - Essay Example t the major risks associated with the construction sector include risks logistical delays , political influences , extensive procedures for approval , improper construction designs , financial constraints , etc . To study the impact of these risks on the construction projects in Ghana , a quantitative survey has been conducted . The data collected by the quantitative questionnaire , has been statistically analysed . The statistical measure used for the analyses include mean , tally , histogram and pearson’s correlation . The software tools used in the research include Excel spread sheet for data representation and MINITAB for statistical analyses . Based on the results of the statistical analyses , the research has suggested a set of strategies for risk management in the construction projects in Ghana . I --------------------------------------- , wish to acknowledge the following personnel who gave their valuable assistance and guidance for me to complete this research work successfully . Without their cooperation , the development of this research and publication would have been difficult I -------- wish to dedicate this research work Based on the Risk Management in Construction projects in developing countries like Ghana , to my --------------- who had always been my ----------------- and I also dedicate this research work for the benefit of the people involved in the construction sector . The history of the construction industry dates back to many centuries , when human beings left the caves and started living in houses . The architectural and engineering aspects of the construction industry started emerging since the construction of the pyramids . Construction could be described as a process of building the infrastructure and involves a fleet of multi tasked activities . Any construction project includes the involvement of design engineers , architects , civil engineers , project mangers , etc . The successful completion of any

Self reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self reflection - Coursework Example As part of my strengths, I find myself focused towards the ultimate goal of the change process. Having the future in mind from the start, and relating this to my ability to influence others in making decisions and having a positive attitude towards change makes my change leading a success. My influence on others has made me capable of initiating, maintaining and sustaining the change process. This is an important strength that coupled with proper change teamwork helps in making change a success. However, I have always found it difficult to deal effectively with change resistance. In most instances, I face a challenge in making people believe that the norm is not satisfactory and that a new scheme or program is essential. With such a problem, it becomes difficult to make change a success unless enough time and resources are invested into the change process to influence acceptance. At one time, I was forced to use more than the allocated budget in a change process. Change is not always about making decisions to move away from the norm. Leading change requires that the leader be a team player and capable of making positive influence with the team and leading the change towards the desired

Book of the Courtier Essay Example for Free

Book of the Courtier Essay â€Å"Whatever character an individual has determines how successful the community he belongs to will be† these lines are indeed true with what the â€Å"Book of the Courtier† suggests. Authored by an Italian soldier, and a statesman attached to the court of the duke of Milan and later in the service of Duke Urbino, Baldassare Castiglione, the entire book dwells in a central theme which includes having graceful behavior, especially that of the impression of effortlessness or referred to by the book as â€Å"sprezzatura. † This series of four books deals so much on how an individual should train himself in discipline so as to be able to reach the best person he could in a way that he could contribute so much to his own community. In the case of this book, Castiliogne puts it in the personification of a perfect courtier. On the third book though, the story evolves on how a court lady should carry herself and thus be able to serve her master in a way that they will never have any point of despising her service. Being clever is quite a clear attitude pointed in this part of the book. In addition to this, the wide differences between male and female genders is shown with emphasis. One part of these series of stories talks about the individuality of each men as I may quote: â€Å"I don’t want to be like the man who stripped down to his shirt and then jumped a shorter distance than he had in his greatcoat. So as far as I am concerned it is very fortunate that the hour is late, because as there is little time I shall have to say far less, and not having given the matter any thought, I will be excusable and allowed to say without being censured all the things that come to my mind. And now in order not to have to carry the burden any longer, let me start by saying that to recognize true perfection in anything is so difficult as to be scarcely possible; and this because of the opinions vary. Thus there are many who like to hear someone talking a great deal and who will call him an agreeable companion. Some will prefer reticence; others an active and restless man; others one who always acts with calmness and deliberation; and so everyone praises or condemns according to his own opinion, always Importance Placed on Individual or Society Page #2 camouflaging a vice under the name of a corresponding virtue; or a virtue under the name of a corresponding vice. † This lines shows how individual opinions affect how one person chooses to conduct himself in front of the other people in his community. Sometimes held in hindrance to what he really likes to do, a person chooses to succumb to what his society considers to be right and acceptable. Yet some choose to stick to what they believe in and dares to be different in some ways thus facing the judgment of his community men regarding his rather different being. Indeed, however a man chooses to deal with his own life defending his own beliefs as such, it will strongly influence his society’s views on things. A real â€Å"perfect courtier† is referred to as someone who can direct his own way. Someone who would not allow his principles be cracked by people who aims to put his â€Å"service to his master† into a lower state of excellence. A real noble man is the one who can decide for himself. From the smallest detail of how he should dress to the most complicated issue of how he should deal with his life. He that continuously struggles for his goals toward aspiring people. Someone who is able to measure his accomplishments with those of other people is the one considered to be truly successful. Everything must occur in such a reasonable way and with purpose. It is very important for each and every one of us to continue on pursuing our own goals to attain self excellence. As Sydney Bremer says in his book Successful Achievements: â€Å"In the assurance of strength, there is strength, and they are the weakest, however strong, who have no faith in themselves or their powers. Men often conquer difficulties because they think they can. Their confidence in themselves inspires confidence in others†. This is indeed true specially in connection with the theme of the book of Castiglione. It is thus true that what a person does as a separate part of his community is directly linked to other people living with him. Man, as the very basic part of a certain society determines both the norms and the idealism a community considers to be true and acceptable. On the other hand, aiming for the best, as suggested by the ideas of Castiglione is concerned with how we embed ourselves with the positive traits that lead to self excellence and also eliminating negative characters which may Importance Placed on Individual or Society Page #3 hinder us from doing what we are supposed to reach as our aims in life. One of which is â€Å"sprezzatura† which was translated in the modern English as â€Å"recklessness†. It came from an Italian root-word â€Å"sprezza† meaning contempt, disdain, or scorn. Having such attitudes wouldn’t make any young courtier a successful one at that. On the contrary, it will just lead him to failure and distress. His goals of giving his best service will surely be a waste if he continues to cultivate this character in his everyday dealings. This is so much true even to an individual who strives to be the best in what he does. As a whole, as we could closely see, the â€Å"Book of the Courtier† shows so much emphasis on the kind of living of an individual person. From the positive traits he must posses to the negative attitudes he must omit from his system so as to be able to meet the goal of self excellence. Women also were given emphasis to have certain independence from the authority of men in some ways. Giving them the free will, freedom of speech and freedom in deciding for what they want with their lives. Yes, as this book has been set at a long time past in England, this doesn’t necessarily mean that it doesn’t have any practical advise to the modern times we are presently living in today. Apparently, the contents of this book has a lot of advise enclosed for these generation which we are living in. As to what we could actually observe, many young people today lack the enthusiasm of actually establishing their own purpose in life. Sadly, only a few of the youth today endeavor to influence the community they are living in with positive contributions to the moral, spiritual, and even secular aspects of life in the society. Only a fewer percent of today’s population really strive for the aim of having self-excellence. Yes, sometimes, its not bad to be a bit perfectionist with ourselves. Knowing our limits of course, perfectionism usually lead us to self-excellence. As one saying implies : â€Å"Make perfection your aim and be satisfied with nothing less†. Yes, we must always remember to ask ourselves of what we ought to do as an individual, what we could improve on ourselves and thus be able to make a difference on the community we are living in. Not to be praised or to be renowned as a noble man, but to reach the reality of self-excellence. Sources: Castigliogne, Baldesar. The Book of The Courtier. Penguin Classics. 1967.

Baseball Positions :: Sports, Pitcher, Catcher

In the game of Baseball there are nine fielding positions. Each position is associated with a scorekeepers’ numerical number (from 1-9) to be used in scoring putouts. Each player has a special job associated with that position to help the team win. The game’s most important positions are the pitcher and the catcher. They are what the team revolves around and are called the â€Å"battery.† The pitcher’s position is known numerically as number (1) and the catcher’s is number (2). They control the tempo and intensity of the game. The pitcher’s job is to deliver the ball to home plate, keep the ball in the strike zone, and retire the batter by strike out, force out or fly ball. He must also field his position by catching pop flies, charging bunts, and back up the first baseman or catcher when necessary. He must have stamina and strong nerves. The catcher controls the speed of the game. His job is to give signals to the pitcher on what pitches to throw, block the plate from balls getting by him and tag runners out at the plate. He also has to calm the pitcher down whenever he feels it’s necessary. His job is by far the most difficult. No other defensive position requires more concentration and wears a player down mentally and physically, as does that of the catcher. He must be tough, have a strong arm and quick reflexes. These two players make the game happen. The infield has many positions; it has the first baseman (number 3), second baseman (number 4), third basemen (number 5), and the short stop (number 6). The first baseman and second baseman control the right side of the infield and the third baseman and shortstop control the left side of the infield. If a ball is hit to the third baseman and he fields it and throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (5-3) out. If the second baseman fields a ball and throws it to the shortstop covering second base, who throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (4-6-3) double play. The first baseman must be agile, quick and have the ability to set a good target. He will catch the balls that are hit to him, thrown to him, must scoop up ground balls, and tag first base for the out. He may have to charge a bunted ball, catch a pop fly ball, and throw to other bases to get lead runner out.

My Mathematics Teacher

The elder person whom I really admire and like is my mathematics teacher of high school. He is a good person who possesses a good heart. He tries to help others with his highest efforts. I knew him since high school as he was our mathematics since then. He is a short, lovely old man with round face, wearing a white color t-shirt who always smile. He has devoted his life for his students and made them educated and established. But he is a little absent-minded that he always forget the tie.I admire him for many reasons. The most important reason is he introduce me to science, especially mathematics. When I was in the second year of high school, he gave me popular books on science, mathematical texts and philosophical writings. These included Calculus, Topology, Euclidean Geometry. Another reason is that he is a good mentor who not only good at the knowledge he Is teaching, but also know how to show his students the methodology of learning thematic, and more generally,silence.He even ca n make the class very fun and interesting. In one class of Analytic Geometry when he taught us the parabolic, he even showed us a smaller version of Brussels bronze sculpture: Mencken Plus (the little boy Pee), and poured a cut of tea to show us the water curve of parabolic. I have learned many positive attitude and good thinking from him. For all those reasons and a strong bonding between us I admire him very much.

Intro to MT

What is Medical Technology? Branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of science and technology. Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science A dynamic healthcare profession that deals with the study and practice of diagnostic laboratory medicine. Ruth Heinemann (1963) The application of principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.Anna Fagelson (1961) The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and the maintenance of health. Walters The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.Republic Act NO. 5527 An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination by vari ous chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other medical laboratory procedures r technique which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.Medical Technologist A person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or licensed physician authorized by the Department of Health in places where there is no pathologist and who having passed the prescribed course (Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Public Health) of training and examination is registered under the provision of this Act. Nature of Work Medical Technologists perform complex chemical, biological, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, and bacteriological analyses, including: Microscopically examine blood and other body fluids.Make cultures of body fluid and tissue samples to determine the presence of bacteria, tungi, parasites, or other microorganisms. Analyze samples tor chemical content or a chemical reaction and determine concentrations of compounds such as blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Type and cross match blood samples for transfusions. Evaluate test results, develop and modify procedures, and establish and monitor rograms to ensure the accuracy of tests.In what way will it be of help and importance to our society? To improve the management of health conditions using various means of identifying the causes and nature of diseases. To aid other health professionals in decision-making as well as in therapeutic directions; Ultimately to deliver an excellent patient care and improve the quality of life. Field of Specialty Hematology Clinical Chemistry Clinical Microscopy (Parasitology) Microbiology (Bacteriology, Mycology) Blood Bank & Transfusion Practices

The Seven Colors of the Rainbow †Art Paper

The Seven Colors of the Rainbow – Art Paper Free Online Research Papers The Seven Colors of the Rainbow Art Paper Introduction Within a rainbow, there are seven colors –Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet. If we exclude Indigo, the other six colors when arranged in a circle form the Color Wheel There are a range of different terms when referring to color. We use warm or cool, light or dark, strong or weak, contrasting or complementary. Primary Colors The first three colors to discuss are Red, Yellow and Blue. These are the primary colors. We can mix any other color using these three primary colors, but these are the base colors and there are no previous colors, and therefore cannot be mixed. Secondary Colors There are three secondary colors, Orange, Green and Violet. These are mixed from the primary colors, Red and Yellow to make Orange, Yellow and Blue to make Green, and Blue and Red to make Violet. These colors can then be mixed with the primary colors to make more colors, called tertiary colors. Warm and Cool Warm colors are Red, Orange and Yellow and any mix of colors between these three. Cool colors are Green, Blue and Violet and any mix of colors between these three. Warm colors will give a painting a warm overall feel, while cool colors will give a painting a cool feel. Complementary Colors Each color has a complementary (opposite) color in the color wheel, eg: YYellow (arm) is opposite to Violet (cool), Red (warm) is opposite to Green (cool), and Orange (warm) is opposite to Blue (cool). When we use complementary colors next to each other, they contrast with each other. Light and Dark To make color lighter, we would add a drop of white paint to the color being used, to make it lighter; we would add 2 drops of white paint to the color, and so on. To make a color darker we would add a drop of black paint to the color, then 2 drops and so on. Each color has different tones which make up the lights and darks of that color. Conclusion The primary colors, which are first in order, when mixed create the secondary colors. Secondary colors, second in order, when mixed with the primary colors create tertiary colors, third in order. The mixing can go on for ages, but we focus on the first three groups, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary which make up the Color Wheel. Research Papers on The Seven Colors of the Rainbow - Art PaperThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Hockey GameBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind Travel

Analyse of the Two Key Moments Essay Example for Free

Analyse of the Two Key Moments Essay Just before this key moment starts, the guards takes Rebecca Nurse out of her cage, on its way to the place where people are hanged. She is astonished that John is confessing. The key moment starts with Proctor refusing to say that he saw Rebecca Nurse in the Devil’s company, or anybody else. Danforth demands that Proctor prove the purity of his soul by accusing others, but Hale advises that it is enough that he confesses himself. Parris agrees, but Danforth demands that Proctor should sign a document. Proctor says that he has confessed to God, and that is enough. He asks Danforth whether a good confession must be public. Proctor wishes to keep only his name, and Danforth thus refuses to accept his confession. Danforth orders Proctor to be hanged. Hale begs Elizabeth to plead with Proctor to sign a confession, but Elizabeth states that Proctor has his goodness now, and God forbid that she take it from him. The characters have turning points in the key moments, and I am going to discuss what happens to Hale, John Proctor and Danforth in this key moment. Hale’s beliefs in witchcraft changes, so does his faith in the law. In Act 4, he tells the accused witches to lie, to confess their supposed sins in order to save their own lives. This change of heart and hopelessness, makes Hale gain the audience’s sympathy but not its respect, since he lacks the moral character of Rebecca Nurse or, and as it turns out at the end of Act 4, John Proctor. Although Hale recognises the evil of the witch trials, his response is not resistance but surrender. He thinks that survival is the highest good, even if it means helping oneself to injustice, which honourable and truly heroic characters can never accept. John Proctor changes himself and provides a final charge of the witch trials. Offered the opportunity to make a confession that he has seen the Devil, he almost surrenders, even signing a confession letter. His great pride and fear of public opinion drove him to hold his truth, adultery, from the court, but by the end of the play he is more concerned with his personal honesty than his public reputation. He still wants to save his name, but for a personal and religious view, rather than the publics’ reasons. Proctor’s refusal to provide a false confession is a true religious and personal determination. His confession would dishonour his friends who are convicted who are brave enough to die as support to the truth. Also it will dishonour himself, staining not just his public reputation, but also his soul. He then decides to change his mind and tells Danforth that he does not want to lie, this bringing him to heaven. He has now redeemed his sin. As Elizabeth says to end the play, responding to Hale’s plea that she convince Proctor to publicly confess: â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! † In this key moment Danforth shows that his greatest interest is to protect the reputation of the court when he prompts Proctor to sign a confession, thus preventing the response of his death. I think that Danforth has changed internally but not externally. I think he believes that the witchcraft is fake, but externally he is still a strict and craving for a good reputation. If he did believe people at the end of the play, then he would not convict John Proctor, but he did because it was to late then, and his reputation would be ruined, as he has convicted people before. It is a crucial moment for the audience because they think Proctor is a bad and not a honourable man when he signs the paper. It is dramatic irony, but not as much. The audience know that Proctor does not see the Devil, to save his life by confessing and showing you don not lie, he says he has been seeing the Devil. But he suddenly changes, he rips the piece of paper representing his confession, and explains that his name is more important, he wants to show he is a heroic man, so he says he never has see the Devil, which is true, and the audience see how he is a better man, and is going to die being an honourable and a heroic man. A crucible is a melting pot, where substances are heated to a high temperature to get rid of impurities. Miller is suggesting the play is like to purge by fire, a form of ‘cleansing’. This is a metaphor for spiritual improvements as the result of a confession being exerted. It is known as ‘cleaning’ or ‘cleansing’ yourself by confessing to seeing the Devil. There is many ways to explain the name of the book and here are some more: first witches supposedly boil potions in cauldrons and a synonym for cauldron is crucible. Secondly, it has a metaphorical meaning: the society of Salem is being heated and stirred in an attempt to remove the impurities and leave only the pure members of the society. One of the central themes of the play is the spiritual development of John Proctor. It is a powerful and complex play. All of the action takes place indoors and it is very black, simplistic and it emphasises the lifestyle of the people and it echoes the claustrophobic atmosphere of the play. The play focuses on ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. In the play Miller is discussing the forces of evil. In the attempt to cut out evil there is certainly a degree of irony. The irony in this play is that evil and tragedy actually occur from the actions of the unwise and over eager characters such as Danforth and Parris and to a certain extent Hale, who became responsible for deaths, misery and cruelty. Miller is suggesting that humans are vulnerable to evil and he aims to show that the evil generated in Salem was through a combination of circumstances for which no one person could be held entirely responsible but yet none were guilt free. The Crucible was based on real events and characters. The people of the 17th Century Salem, witchcraft were a very real and forceful threat. Many people were accused of being witches, and were tortured and executed. The discrimination of witches spread to a lot of places around the world. Witches thought to commit crimes have various ‘proofs’ of a witch including the testimony of a fellow witch, the common belief or accusation of those who live with suspected witch, cursing followed by some mischief or the person disagrees with the person when questioned. Miller was interested in McCarthy trials in the 1940s/50s and made the book parallel to it, Salem witch trials of 1682. Miller may have oversimplified matters, in that while there were no actual witches in Salem, there were certainly Communists in 1950s America. However, one can argue that Miller’s concern in The Crucible is not with whether the accused actually are witches, but rather with the refusal of the court officials to believe that they are not. McCarthyism limits, which wronged many innocents and this parallel was felt strongly in Miller’s own time. In real life, at Millers time, Abigail Williams was 12 years old, but in the play she is 17, but why did he change the age? He did this to make Abigail Williams a better character to make her do all the mischievous things she does in the play. At the age of 17, you are mature and able to make an opinion, and act more like an adult, unlike a 12 year old where you are still to young to do things adults do. Danforth was not a real person, he was made up, but the wonderful thing about him is that he is made up of 3 characters. These three characters were the judges, but they would not be as dramatic and neither strong, unless there is one person who rules, making that character more remembered, and more important to the play. Analyse of the Two Key Moments. (2017, Oct 14). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Critical Analysis - Essay Example The essay opens up with the story of Dr. Spiners â€Å"first victim†. Well, technically the woman in his story was not a victim since no physical harm actually came to her. Rather she suffered from fear of a psychological mindset that had been fed and nurtured by the White American society since the time of slavery in the South. He was just a young graduate student of the University of Chicago then. But what he learned from that night when the woman, who pulled away from the same sidewalk he was walking on in terror, thinking she was going to be attacked, taught him that as a Black man living in a predominantly White society, it was up to him to change the way that these people would see him even without knowing him. Using a quote from the list that was supplied to us for this reading, I believe that the following passage best describes the realization that occurred that night when Dr. Spiner was walking down that Chicago sidewalk in the middle of the night:"It was in the echo of that terrified womans footfalls that I first began to know the unwieldy inheritance Id come into- the ability to alter public space in ugly ways." ï ¼Ë†Pg. 53). In his statement, Dr. Spiner is making direct reference to the history of Blacks in the United States. Touching on the fact that the White men had been raised to fear Black people, there is a sense of disgust when one considers that the reason the woman feared him was quite similar to the reasons that Trayvon Martin had lost his life. He was racially profiled and as such, deemed to be a threat to her safety by the woman. Regardless of the fact that the man walking behind her did not dress nor look like an African-American thug. Generations of mind conditioning culminated in that very moment for that woman. It is a bit hard to understand how the presence of a person of alternate skin color can easily change the safety factor of a certain place. Yet that is exactly what

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Management - Essay Example It must be noted that the revenues generated by these non profit making organization are retained in the organization for self preservation or even for expansion (Worth 2011). In most countries, nonprofit making organizations are exempted from taxation. The Nonprofit making organizations employs many people and offers services to the masses freely. It is in this regard, that the Government pardons them and exempts them from the compulsory tax (Gary 2006). An example of a nonprofit making organization is the Nature Conservancy. It is a charitable association based in the United States of America that works to preserve animals, plants and the natural communities which represent Earth’s diversity. They do this by protecting the environment. The organization has helped plant over a billion trees all over the world and it intends to plant 2 billion trees by the year 2015. It has an effort to reclaim 2,500,000 acres and make the place habitable for animals. It selects areas it seeks to preserve by analyzing what is needed in those areas and what can be done to ensure that the preservation of local ecosystems is done. A nonprofit making organization should work with almost all sectors of society in order to achieve its goals (Worth 2011). This includes businesses, partner organizations, government agencies and individuals. The company has also embraced Debt swaps. This is a tool which is used to encourage third world countries to set land aside for conservation in exchange for forgiveness of foreign debt. In the past, nonprofit organizations have relied on donor giving and public funding as their main source of revenue (Hartigan 2006). However, after the 1970’s the many of the nonprofit making organizations have become increasingly involved in the selling of services and many other commercial activities (Worth 2011). This trend has been referred to by many as the commercialization of nonprofit organizations. This trend of commercialization has resulted i nto a fierce debate which up to now remains unsolved (Gary 2006). There are those who support commercialization and there are those who reject it. Those who are in favor of commercialization argue that, commercialization has allowed the nonprofit organizations to be more self sufficient at this time when government funding for nonprofit organizations has been drastically reducing (Worth 2011). On the other hand, those against commercialization have argued that with commercialization, nonprofit organizations will focus on making more money and thus deviate from their original goal which was to offer services to the masses (Hartigan 2006). The risks associated with having a nonprofit enterprise are many. For example, due to the tax exemption the managers of nonprofit making organization can fraudulently steal money from the association as the organizations are not audited by the IRS (Gary 2006). On the other hand, the societies can also lose sight of their mission by engaging too much in business. The benefits of having a nonprofit organization are also many for example, the organizations can sufficiently run their own activities without the need for donor funding (Alvarado 2000). It becomes hard for nonprofit organizations to sufficiently plan for certain activities because donor funding is not constant. However, with sales they can predict the patterns and thus sufficiently plan for the future (Hartigan 2006). Part III: Long Essay Question In this study we are going to review the nonprofit organization Nature conservancy. The organization had an income of approximately $925,817,441. The organization used approximately $525,789,657. The fundraising costs thus seemed balanced. The expenses used in fundraising should not be more than the

A Worn Path Eudora Welty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Worn Path Eudora Welty - Research Paper Example The old woman’s eyesight is fast failing her but she had to make it to the hospital in the city for the sake of her grandson. Welty gave her work rich symbolic meanings in her attempt to pass her message to her readers. The title itself ‘A Worn Path’ is symbolic of the old woman’s sufferings and determination to have her grandson healed (Deakins 14). The woman must have made repeated journeys to the hospital without giving up on her hope that one day, her grandson would get well. In Phoenix, the writes captures the spirit of perseverance in desperation, the story presents the theme determination and courage through characterization of Phoenix. Nothing other than determination is what inspires the old frail woman to make repeated journeys to the city on foot to seek for a relief for her ailing grandson. Through the actions and treatment of Phoenix by other characters, the theme of courage becomes clear to readers. Eudora Welty has used different literary sty les in achieving her purpose in writing the story. This paper shall focus on her use of symbolism, characterization, and setting to develop the theme of courage in ‘A Worn Path’. Characterization There are several characters in the short story in whose reception and treatment of the old Phoenix portrays her resilient character traits. She is determined to ensure that she gets the medication for he ailing grandson. On her way to Natchez city, the old woman with a failing vision encounters a White Hunter, Black American children, a pedestrian in the city, attendant at the hospital, a nurse at the hospital, and her ailing grandson whom she has lefty back at home. Her courage is seen when she is determined to go through all the hurdles that are presented by nature on her path that passes through the jungle. Phoenix says on her way â€Å"out of my way you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons, and wild animals†¦.† (Welty para 3). When the old woman was trudgi ng through the path uphill, she pauses and looks backs and says â€Å"Up through the pines. Now down through the oak.† (Welty para 5). The woman’s journey is largely tormenting but she is courageous that she would eventually reach the city to get medication for her grandson. When the White Hunter tells her to stay home where there is safety for her frail figure, the old woman says that she must reach Natchez city. Her main goal is to get to the city undeterred by the thorny bushes, steeps, and creeks of the jungle. Her abilities to keep trudging despite her numerous challenges brings her fourth as a very determined old woman who would not bow down to anything other than achieving her desires. Phoenix resilience helps the author in building the theme of courage in the story (Wampler para 1). Phoenix is treated condescendingly by the White Hunter that picks her from a ditch where she fell into. Due to the fact that Christmas holiday was just looming, the White Hunter pre sumes that the old black woman was making such a long journey just to lay her eyes on Santa Claus. He tells Phoenix â€Å"I know you old colored people! Wouldn't miss going to town to see Santa Claus!† (Welty para 19). This statement insinuates some kind of racial bias. The White Hunter is presuming that old black people are such obsessed with Santa Claus to an extent that the woman would just make many miles of a perilous journey just to see Santa Claus. Even when the White Hunter points his gun at her, Phoenix seemed unperturbed by the threat of the gun. At the clinic from

Does an International Political System exist?

Does an International Political System exist? Adding Another Page to the International Political System’s History Book The International Political System’s existence has been questioned in every way, and a plethora of studies have been conducted either to verify its very presence or reject it. It has gone through countless criticisms and praises. But even if we identified the truth about its existence, what would be the importance of knowing if such a system existed? Perhaps it is to make the obscure world a little bit clear. We get to learn things in the system better and possibly even predict what can happen in the future. The only tough task I presume is to classify them since the scope is immense. This paper aims to dwell into the subject matter and prove that one does exist. The first part of the paper will tackle the definitions of the words, â€Å"international,† â€Å"political,† and â€Å"system,† and how they constitute a set of elements peculiar to others. Having put together their definitions, I will turn my focus to the underlying topics that conform to the International Political System’s existence. And lastly, I will provide a conclusion that is going to sum up all my points in this paper. The term â€Å"international† was popularized by a political philosopher named Jeremy Bentham at a time when nation-states were perceived to be prominent actors in the world arena.[1] Using a less authoritative definition, it is â€Å"existing, occurring, or carried on between nations,† according to The English Oxford Dictionary. Furthermore, what is political, according to David Easton, refers to the â€Å"distribution of social values[2].† Systems, however, as defined also by David Easton, are just â€Å"constructions of experiential values, impartial and are not defined by ideology.[3]† Although we are more familiar with defining systems as, â€Å"sets of interacting parts that comprise a whole.† In addition, Hedley Bull also defined international system as a union of states bounded by interaction. This interaction, though, should have a significant amount of impact on another’s behavior[4]. Therefore, an International Political System inv olves two or more states bounded in common interaction with relation to the allocation of social values. To further elaborate the specifics of defining a system, especially one that is political, I will be using David Easton’s Systems Analysis and Categories for the Systems Analysis of Politics. With Easton’s given definition of a system above, it is said to be an open and adaptive system. He suggests that social systems create an open system. An open system is a system that responds to the environment’s influences and vice versa[5]. David Easton argues that a system cannot exist in a void. He claims that system requires an environment for it to exist[6]. And this environment, which is composed of the physical, sociological, social, and psychological, should enclose a system. Therefore, the identification of boundaries is clear. The environment is divided into two parts: intra-societal and extra-societal. The intro-societal consists of systems quite similar to that of the political. These may include a system that is economic, social, etc. While on the other hand, the extra-societal encompasses systems that do not belong within the society. Systems that are international in scope fall under this category – extra-societal (also called â€Å"super systems†). Thus, an international political system is one of the said systems. Now that the definitions have been provided, I will now give topics that indirectly claim that an international political system exists. They are its very foundation of today’s system. Moreover, topics such as structure-functionalism and the identification of patterns will be discussed. A factor to consider whether or not an international political system exists is the presence of intergovernmental organizations. These organizations address the problems of its members and solve them[7]. Having said so, there is a constant interaction between states. This is accomplished through the building of institutions or modifying the old ones. Take the United Nations for example, the European Union, and the World Bank, too. The United Nations have been participating in peacekeeping missions around the globe[8]. Consequently, it is an instrument for regulating power in the international system, acts as arbitraries in pacts or agreements between states, inspires political change, builds norms, ensures development of states. The ability to intervene in the politics of others is interaction. The European Union, however, evidently presents the interdependence of each member in the system. Thus, conflict would be avoided. It is also known not just to prosper financially and politica lly, but to observe human rights and see things in a democratic manner[9]. The World Bank however hopes to eradicate poverty across the globe and provide impartiality in the progressing world[10]. All of which have goals that are not centered in just one state. The scale ranges from a regional collective to an international/world collective. Thus, intergovernmental organizations give way to the existence of an international political system. With the inevitability of intergovernmental organizations, comes the existence of international laws. In neorealism, there exists a structure occupied by anarchic units. And in order to maintain stability and remain organized within the system, established rules are to be followed[11]. These rules make up the international laws. Although the only downfall of having such international laws is the fact that it invades the sovereignty of the states; therefore, international laws are being observed with consent of the state. The state might feel threatened that its sovereignty would be at stake. Transnational institutions are able to connect people in different places, strengthening ties between them. These are corporations that are â€Å"transnational.† They go beyond what it is to be a state or a nation. Although they are not states which we usually identify as units in an international political system, they do have what it takes to interact which undeniably still affects the system. Hence, they can be seen as units of analysis on this context. Existent before and today, diplomacy has been a big factor to prove that an international political system exists. Diplomacy is the peaceful relations among state[12]. It has existed throughout the course of history, preventing wars and promoting peace within the system. Without the will of states to communicate or interact, diplomacy then would be rendered useless. And had there not been diplomacy when interaction occurred, the options would have been to ignore or to go to war. Evidently, whatever choice a state pursues inevitably affects the behavior of the others. Thus, diplomacy is vital in conforming to the presence of an international political system. Treaties are written forms wherein states agree to something. This may include two or more states. It is also ruled by international law. Then again, this is political, and it includes two or more states which are our current units of analysis. Moreover, they do constitute a system. Treaties have been prevalent throughout the course of world history. Some of them include the Westphalian Treaty, which gave the birth of the definition of a state. Armistices which are also referred to as a ceasefire among warring states, contributes to the development of an international political system[13]. Today, we can see the armistice North Korea and South Korea which has been going on for a while now. Another feature is war. War is deeply connected to culture and is even as old as man himself. Although in contemporary times, when everything is quite organized, and wars occur due to the failure of politics[14]. Conflicts spawn when interests contradict, and this is political. World War II for example, came into being because of an immense sense of pride – Nazism. This ultra-nationalistic idea had interests which contradicted many, and so a war was brought into existence. What are usually associated with wars are the formations of alliances. There could exist two factions or a bipolar system where the power rests on two parties. From a liberalist’s perspective the increasing power of an ally isn’t much of a threat and neither do you feel threatened. In fact, you feel more secure. Somehow, this interaction shows an acknowledgment of one state to recognize the other. Hence, from a liberalist’s standpoint, as opposed to realism, cooperation is best, and interaction is greater[15]. Those who conform to this conceive of an absolute gain, or a positive or a negative sum game. Wherein both parties may have a win-win situation or a lose-lose situation. Unlike from a realist’s standpoint, it is always a zero sum game where one wins and the other loses. Hence, realists believe solely on self-interests, where liberalists, on the other hand, believe in shared interests[16]. Since the structure of the international system is anarchic, as conformed to neorealism, conflicts favor the system[17]. Observing the behavior of states, they appear to be relative such as how power that exists is. States normally try to balance their power to whoever has much, or surpass them[18]. Since systems promote stability and unity, the balance of power is intrinsic to the subject matter. This is done out of security purposes, which is in fact, political. Another issue to be tackled is the existence of its boundaries. The international political system, I suppose, should be an open and adaptive system, as what David Easton envisioned for a political system[19]. It should be able to accept whatever the environment has to offer and adapt to it. In order to identify the environment, we must first know the boundaries which separate it from the system. The fact that there exists an international economic system, suggests that it is a different field from the international political system. We can already identify a hint of its environment this way. Instead of focusing on how much the international political system has, we draw our attention more on what it lacks; then systematically, we can easily identify what belongs to its environment. Many critics though such as Lampert believe that the system is too immense that it leaves no space for the environment. But then again, it has all the qualifications of a system; it is only what the syste m lacks that is part of the environment. These aforementioned topics tell us that the system does exist. Now, I will be moving to the structure-functionalism theory. It is often called as â€Å"scientific analysis[20].† It often asks the questions: 1. What patterns exist in the study? 2. What are the conditions that these pattern produce? 3. What processes exist? First, I will define what a structure is. Structures are patterns to which a process is taking place. Functions, however, is defined as â€Å"a condition resulting from the activity performed by a unit[21].† Therefore, structure-functionalism ultimately refers to the foundation of theories to which they explain a comprehensive system framework. In light of the situation of determining the existence of the international political system, the structure would refer to the disturbances that affect the behavior of the units involved. Patterns usually provide us foresight. It is the importance of studying the international political system in order to predict what could possibly happen in the future. Since it clears what is obscure, it could help us establish norms that conform to the patterns that the structure provides. Wars, for example, have been countless results of patterns. From a realist’s point of view, there exist polarities. Power, which every unit struggles for, is a social value. It is their interest and patterns such as balancing of power, offensive realism, defensive realism, come into play[22]. Whatever deviates from these patterns triggers war. It is plausible that almost anything can be quantified today. By providing a set of actions to political actors inevitably mean that system exists. Therefore, without an international political system, patterns would not be provided and understanding the political phenomena in society will be difficult. This is one of the reasons why an international political system should exist. It will provide a framework that will guide political scientists or scholars who specialize in the field of international relations. It is to provide a political map and understand the underlying causes as each situation occurs. Consequently, should this field be taken as a discipline of study, future scholars could possible devise multiple theories which can benefit the entirety of the system. Furthermore, discontinuities can pose no threat to the missing links or the gap that development took a leap. And even better, this leap could spring forward to an even farther destination. Conclusion: Of the given topics above, I have attempted to prove that an international political system exists. From the very definitions of these terms that make up the subject matter, to intergovernmental organizations that exist within the system, to international laws by which states respect and ultimately follow with consent, to transnational institutions or actors that expand or go beyond a state level of analysis, to how diplomatic relationships refer to the preservation of their respective politics without conflict, to wars that eventually happen due to the patterns provided by the international political system, to how formation of alliances meddle with the interactions of states and the influences abroad, and to the realist’s perspective of an anarchic system. Further discussion about the scope of the system has been talked about, identifying the boundaries of All these topics are involved in the activities that comprise the international political system. To identify the origins of the system, I have used the structure-functionalism theory and Systems analysis. Structure-functionalism is a foundation to many systems. It provides the patterns found in the study and used the structure-functionalism theory. I have found it useful to incorporate this field to conform to the system’s existence since it has been a foundation to many systems in the environment. It starts off by identifying patterns found in the political phenomena. Consequently, it determines the functions of each element included in the structure. Having done so, a system is created. David Easton’s analysis however of a political system states that it is adaptive and open. Moreover, he states that systems are not bounded by an ideology. Furthermore, he states that environment which encloses the political system can be divided into two: intra-societal and extra-societal. He further states that the intra-societal environment consists of systems similar to that of the political; while extra-societal, on the other hand, involves supra systems, or systems international in nature. And lastly, I have provided instances why an international political system exists and should exist. I have stated multiple assessments that could either help us get through international matters in a good way or the opposite, all depending on the existence of an international political system. Bibliography European Union. (n.d.). Retrieved August 29, 2014, from European Union Web site: http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm Hamilton, K., Langhorne, R. (1995). The Practice of Diplomacy. New York: Routledge. McCormick. (2004). Comparative Politics in Transition. Indiniapolis : Cengage Learning. Susser, B. (1991). Approaches to the Study of Politics. New York: Prentice Hall. The World Bank. (n.d.). Retrieved August 29, 2014, from The World Bank Web site: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/17/ending_extreme_poverty_and_promoting_shared_prosperity Wansbach, R., Rhodes, E. (2000). Global Politics in a Changing World. Houghton Mifflin Company. Young, O. (1968). United Nations and the International System. International Organization, Vol. 22 No. 4. [1] Richard W. Mansbach and Edward Rhodes, Global Politics in a Changing World (Boston:2000) [2] Bernard Susser, Approaches to the Study of Politics (New Jersey, 1991) [3] Ibid. [4] Hedley Bull, Anarchical Society (New York, 1977) [5] Bernard Susser, op.cit. [6] Ibid. [7] Richard W. Mansbach and Edward Rhodes, op. cit. [8] Oran R. Young, United Nations and the International System (Madison: 1968) [9] Retrieved August 29, 2014, from http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm [10] Retrieved August 29, 2014, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/about [11] David Kinsella, Bruce Russett, and Harvey Starr, World Politics: The Menu for Choice (Boston, 2010) [12] Keith Hamilton and Richard Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy (New York, 1995) [13] John McCormick, Comparative Politics in Transition (Indianapolis, 2007) [14] Richard W. Mansbach, op.cit. [15] Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr, and David Kinsella, op.cit. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Bernard Susser, op.cit. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr, and David Kinsella, op.cit. Sociology: Attack On Biological Determinism Sociology: Attack On Biological Determinism Biological determinism is a theory that tries to explain a persons behaviour and other aspects of life in relation to his or her genetic makeup. This theory was encompasses the work of various prominent scientists such as Mendel, Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Biological determinism abnegates the idea of the surrounding influencing the characteristics and behavioural aspects of an individual. For decades, this theory has been expounded in order to explain human behaviour comprehensively. Charles Darwin proposed heritable characteristics are determined through natural selection. Darwin was of the opinion that an individual would inherit the optimal characteristics that would ensure his survival or have a reproductive advantage. However, sociologists have strongly criticized the biological determinism theory because it does not take into account the environmental factors that affect behaviour (Banyard and Grayson, 2000). This article aims to discuss the concept of biological determ inism and the opinion of sociologists on this concept. Discussion Biologists, when referring to different behaviours and roles of individual in the society, agree that a set of predetermined biological process determine these behaviours. Therefore, people think and act in different manner because they have different development in their brains (Velden, 2010). Biological theorists are of the opinion that the chromosomes and hormones in his body control brain cell formation. For example, the male in the society are equipped with both the Y and X chromosomes whereas the women only have the X chromosome. The Y chromosome in men leads to production of testosterone and other male hormones. Therefore, the male brain develops differently from that of a woman due to the difference in genetic material in the sexes. Biologists have gone further to use the differences in male and female brain to explain the difference in behaviours between the sexes (Kronfeldner, 2009). Biological determinism operates on the assumption that all behaviours have particular causes, which are mainly genetic or related to biological functions and processes. Experiments done by Raine et al (1997) focused in the abnormalities found in the brain of murderers. Raine et al (1997) tried to find determine the common factor in murderers who had put a plea of not guilty by virtue of insanity. In the experiments, Raine et al (1997) looked at the PET scans of murderers and observed their cortical and sub-cortical brains. This experiment aimed to determine whether having brain dysfunction and abnormalities like schizophrenia are linked to the violent behaviours exhibited by the murderers. Raines experiment only focused on the innate factors while it ignored the external factors such as the environments that may control the behaviours of an individual. Biological determinism also focuses on reductionism. Reductionism views individuals as divided into hierarchical groups. Therefore, the biological determinists view the inequalities between sexes, nations, classes as intrinsic rather than extrinsic (Carolan, 2005). Therefore, this theory portrays the picture that if one person is less successful than the other is, it is s not because of the contributing factors in the environment, but because the other person is intrinsically incapable of being successful. Biological determinists therefore believe that men in the society are dominant because they are intrinsically more aggressive and rational than women. According to this theory, biologically inheritable material and not the surrounding environment determine division in the society (Carolan, 2005). It is the opinion of most sociologist that it is irrational to consider social classification as a genetic factor. This is because human from different divides and social backgrounds have been known to interact and live in similar classes. It is also logical to assume that the environment and the surrounding enforces some traits and leads success or failure of an individual in a society. It is from this mode of thinking that sociologists have formulated their theories on human behaviour and societal interaction. The external environment contributes greatly to the behaviour of a person in the society. In fact, according to sociologist the surrounding environment solely regulates behaviour. Although biologists believe that only biological processes influence behaviours, there are various flaws in this perspective. Biologists tend to ignore cognitive behaviours exhibited by individuals in their theory of biological determinism. This is where sociologist criticizes the biological determinism theory. Sociologists believe that people exhibit different behaviours depending on the surrounding environment. For decades, the sociologists view on biological determinism has been that of disapproval. Most sociologists are uneasy with the biological determinism theory because it does not fully explain behavioural exhibition in people (Carolan, 2005). Sociologists disapproval of determinism is justifiable to a given extend especially when such disapproval is guided by ideologues that seek to validate, and rectify, the status quo of the biological determinism. The argument advanced by sociologist is based on the fact biological determinists have a fear that there is a probability of l osing the genic capacity. Therefore, sociologists believe that looking very deep into the realm bio physiology to explain social phenomenon is irrational and rather irresponsible. Social scientists such Skinner believe that all behavioural aspects of a person are determined by the external stimuli (Boeree, 2006). Skinner in his theory concluded that the concept of free will is just an illusion and a persons behaviour will usually conform to his surrounding rather than be genetically determined. Skinners theory on behaviour was majorly based on operant conditioning. Skinner believed that an organism or a person operated in a specific environment with various stimuli that contributed towards specific behaviours. Therefore, skinner believed that when a person or organism is exposed to certain environment a stimulus known as the reinforcer contributed towards his repeated behavioural exhibition (Boeree, 2006). From Skinners theory, we can deduce that a behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus has a higher likelihood of being repeated or not. Skinner used the example of a rat in a cage with a bar or pedal. In case the rat presses the pedal or the bar, it leads to release of food pellet. Assume the rat is bouncing in the cage and accidentally presses the bar then the food pellet is released. Therefore, this rat will tend to repeat this behaviour not because it inherited such traits but because it there is a reinforcing stimulus in the environment (Boeree, 2006). Watson John supports Skinners opinion by also showing that the surrounding environment governs an individuals behaviour.   Watson assumes that behaviour exhibited by an individual can be correlated to other observable occurrences in the environment. In Watsons opinion, there are usually definite occurrences that precede and follow exhibition of certain behaviours. Watsons behaviourism theory attempts to explain the relation between stimuli in the environment and an individuals response (behaviour). Watson like Skinner borrowed his idea on behaviour from Pavlovs conditioning experiments. Watson believed that individual learned through stimuli substitution and similarly behaviours in individual are exhibited according to change in stimuli rather than genetic predispositions (Winfred, 2010). Watson became one of the many sociologists to oppose the mentalist concept. He believed that the early neuroscientists were very ignorant on how the nervous system and the brain functioned. At that time, biological determinism was widely accepted as an explanation to behavioural exhibitions. However, Watson changed this opinion by using contiguity to explain how organisms learned. Watsons theory assumed that emotions were complex expression of classical conditioning and therefore complex behaviours only came about due to combination of recognisable reflexes (Winfred, 2010). Like Skinner, Watson believed that repeated activity strengthened the learning process and the learning process is what creates the difference between human behaviour. Despite the fact that Watsons position did not explain the concept of human learning, his theory is currently considered as one of the pioneers to learning sciences. Conclusion In the society, the most obvious feature is inequality. It is obvious that some individuals have great wealth while others are poor Different groups explain these inequalities according t their preferred theory. Biological determinists believe that inequality in the society is as a result of the intrinsic factors. Sociologists on the other hand believe that social differences are as a result of extrinsic factors. Both these arguments are passionate and provide interesting view into the human behaviour and social organization.Sociologists try explaining the relation between human beings and their surrounding while neglecting the concept of biological determinism. However, socialism alone cannot explain some behavioural patterns neither can biological determinism. It is necessary for both the sociologist and biologists to move towards a relatively dynamic theory, which is open to interrelation of theories from both sides of the divide. No matter how much the sociologist may wish to sti ck to their theory, they cannot evade the complex nature of biological organisms. As much as the environment influences the behaviour, it is necessary to note that chemical reactions and hormonal changes also influence how organisms and human behave. Currently, it would be absurd to support only one theory due to the evidence available. Social theories provide their arguments, which are as compelling as the arguments provided by the biological determinists. It is therefore irrelevant for sociologist to wage war against biologists since booth theories have weaknesses, which can be augmented if the theories are combined to form a grand theory that explains human behaviour.